Definition of some necessary
particle-physical terms
Note: [1] In this book there are no particles without mass, even the Gauge bosons have mass.
Elementary particles: They consist of six quarks, six leptons and four Gauge bosons (apart from the Higgs and graviton) (see Fig. 2).
particle-physical terms
Note: [1] In this book there are no particles without mass, even the Gauge bosons have mass.
Elementary particles: They consist of six quarks, six leptons and four Gauge bosons (apart from the Higgs and graviton) (see Fig. 2).
Spin: Actually, there is no corresponding definition for spin in classical mechanics. This is a quantum mechanical term that is comparable to an angular momentum. In contrast to the angular momentum, it arises from the movement of the particles, otherwise spin has all the other properties of the angular momentum. Fermions have a half-integer spin and bosons have an integer spin.
Fermions: Fermions are those particles of which, for example, matter consists. These are divided into two main groups:
1-quarks
2-leptons.
These particles, which follows Fermi-Dirac statistics, have a half-numbered spin.
Quarks: According to the current state of research in particle physics, protons and neutrons consist of two types of these particles. The quarks have the same spin as Leptons, but different mass and charge. There are six quarks; up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom.
Proton: According to physics, an atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons according to the type of atom. A proton consists of two up quarks and one down quark. A proton is positively charged electrically. It has a half-numbered spin (1/2), making it a fermion.
Neutron: A neutron also consists of three quarks, two down quarks and one up quark. The neutron has an electrically neutral charge with half-numbered spin, i.e. 1/2. That's why it's a fermion.
Leptons: Like quarks, they are also the smallest particles from which matter is composed (e.g. in another universe). Leptons are also fermions. They differ from quarks in mass and charge.
Boson: Bosons have an integer spin. They mediate energy between quarks and leptons, i.e. all four basic forces (interactions). The photons, gluons, W boson and Z boson belong to the gauge bosons and are part of quantum field theories. In contrast to fermions, these follow the Bose-Einstein statistics. Like W boson, Z boson is an elementary particle that transmits the electroweak interaction. It has largely the same mass and spin as the W boson. The fact that the Z boson has no electrical charge is the only difference between the Z and W boson.
Photon: The photon is a particle that makes up electromagnetic radiation. It belongs to the gauge bosons and has both particle and wave character. An example of photon is light. The smallest amount of electromagnetic radiation of any frequency is a photon. One creates photons, for example by transitions of electrons between different states.
Four fundamental forces
1- Gravitation: Gravitation is the mutual attraction of masses. It is unshieldable, with unlimited ranges. This force is the reason why objects and bodies remain on the ground and do not fly around. It is the weakest of all interactions with a relative strength of 10⁻³⁹ (10⁻⁴¹). Gravity causes most physical phenomena like light, electricity and magnetism, etc.
2- Weak interaction: It is responsible for certain radioactive decay processes, such as beta decay. The weak interaction plays an important role in the fusion of hydrogen to helium in the sun. It has a very short range of 10⁻¹⁷ m. The carrier particles are the particles Z⁰, W⁺ and W⁻.
3- Strong interaction: It is the strongest of all interactions and with a very short range of 10⁻¹⁵ m is responsible for the cohesion of the nucleons. The associated carrier particles are gluons.
4- Electromagnetic interaction: It is an interaction in which all particles with an electric charge participate. The electromagnetic interaction takes place via an exchange particle, i.e. the photon.
Electron: This elementary particle with the symbol e ̄ is a significant, negatively charged particle that is very stable. The electrons have a half-numbered spin, so they belong to the leptons and fermions. They play a very important role in our universe in every respect, for example their free mobility and movement in metals causes electrical conductivity. They also form the electron shell of the atoms and ions. Electrons have a crucial and specific central meaning in this book, because the existence of the cosmos depends on countless manifestations of this particle.
Positrons: The positron is an antiparticle of the electron, with the symbol e⁺. In this book, this particle plays a central role in the structure of the universe, just like an electron.
Meson: Mesons are unstable subatomic particles that are made up of a pair of a quark and antiquark. Since the mesons have an integer spin, they belong to the bosons. Electrically charged mesons participate in the electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, but neutral mesons participate in the strong and weak interactions.
Pion: An important meson for us is the pion zero with the symbol π⁰, which consists of an up-quark and an anti-up-quark with the abbreviation of uu̅. The second option is a combination of a down quark and an anti-down quark with the abbreviation dd̅. Likewise, a positive pion is formed from an up-quark and an anti-down, i.e. π⁺ (ud̅) and vice versa from a down and an anti-up negative pion, i.e. πˉ with the abbreviation of du̅.
Hadron: The particles that consist of quarks or their anti-quarks and are influenced by strong interactions. Protons and neutrons are hadrons.
Hadrons are divided into two main groups:
1-mesons
2-baryons
Baryon: These are elementary particles, each made up of three quarks and subject to weak interaction, gravitation and also electromagnetic force. Protons and neutrons are the most famous examples of this.
Mass: In classical mechanics, the terms weight, heaviness and inertia are related to mass. In the theory of relativity, mass is called a form of energy. We use this definition more often in this book.
Charge: The interaction of a particle or a body with a field is called a charge. There are generally four charges:
1- Electric charge that belongs to electromagnetic interaction.
2- Weak charge associated with the weak interaction.
3- Color charge, which is part of the strong interaction.
The three charges are the subject of the standard model.
4- Mass belonging to the gravitational interaction.
[2]Antiparticles: In elementary particle physics there is a so-called antiparticle for every elementary particle. The antiparticles are identical in almost all properties such as mass, spin and magnetic moment to the particles assigned to them, only in the charged state they have the opposite charge. For example, the antiparticle of the electron is a positron, antiparticle of the quarks are anti-quarks, etc.
Antiparticles are marked with a line above the first letter, for example "ū" for anti-up quark, etc.
Annihilation: This is a process in which the collision of an elementary particle with its antiparticle creates another particle.
Pairing: Denotes the formation of a particle-antiparticle pair.
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Footnote
[1] Please note the July 4th, 2012 report from CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) regarding the discovered particle, which is probably a Higgs boson and has a mass of 124 to 126 gigaelectron-volts(GeV).
[2] concept arises from quantum physics, basically from quantum field theory.
Research and Study: Faramarz Tabesh
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Main source: the book "Biology of quantum dimension”
By Faramarz Tabesh
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Archiving code of the article: OstadElahi_FaramarzTabesh_ntdkdak h,shl kssvd ähvjdög tdcdöhg jvlc
Next Subject: 1.3 electron and positron 1.3.1 Investigation from a new perspective
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